Is Garlic Antibacterial

Abstract The objective: The purpose of this project was to see if fresh garlic, garlic powder, and Kyolic, aged garlic extract are antibacterial. Methods/Materials First the fresh garlic was crushed and mixed with 20 milliliters of water and that was used as the 1X dilution. From there, 1/4X and 1/16X serial dilutions were made. For the garlic powder one teaspoon was put in 20 milliliters of water, and again, 1X, 1/4X and 1/16X serial dilutions were tested. For the Kyolic the serial dilutions were taken straight from the extract. All were plated with E. coli bacteria. This was done for four different trials. The data was graphed and recorded. Results All the dilutions of fresh garlic killed a large amount of bacteria. The 1X stock killed all the bacteria on the plates. The average number of bacteria that grew for fresh garlic in the 1/4X stock trials was 210 colonies, while the 1/16X stock grew an average of was 672.5 colonies. Conclusions/Discussion Kyolic killed a very small amount of bacteria. The average number of bacteria that grew was 787.5. The average number of bacteria that grew for the 1/4X stock was 1050, and an average of 865 colonies grew in 1/16X stock. This can be compared to the control group, with no garlic product, which grew an average of 1185 colonies. This project states that although the garlic powder was tested it was uncountable because it produced bacteria on its own.

Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from Raw and Pasteurized Milk

Abstract The objective: Our objective was to determine if Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) could be isolated from raw and pasteurized milk. Our hypothesis was that the raw milk would contain Staphylococcus aureus whereas the pasteurized milk would not. Methods/Materials First primary isolation of all milk samples was performed by inoculating thioglycolate broth with 1 ml of milk (raw or Pasteurized) and incubated. Next, secondary isolation was performed by inoculating mannitol salt agar (MSA) and columbia colistin-nalidixic acid agar (CAN) with inoculum from thioglycolate broth and incubate. Finally, tertiary isolation was performed by inoculating 5% Sheep blood agar (SBA) with suspected colony from MSA or CAN and incubated. All samples were incubated at 37 deg. C for 24 hours aerobically. We then Gram-stained to determine whether the subcultured bacteria were Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Gram-positive cocci bacteria were found in the raw milk samples. Slide coagulase, Tube coagulase, and latex agglutination (BBL# Staphyloslide# Latex Test) tests were used to determine if the organism was S. aureus. API staph test strip was run to confirm these tests. Gram-positive rods were found in the pasteurized milk samples. API 50 CH test with API 50 CHB medium was used to identify the organism. Results · All brands of raw milk tested contained S. aureus. The S. aureus colonies were found to be resistant to penicillin, and one brand, Claravale Farms, was resistant to ampicillin. · No S. aureus was found in the pasteurized milk samples. · The pasteurized milk samples that were tested contained two different Bacillus species: Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus lichenformis which are environmental microbes. Conclusions/Discussion Through our research, we concluded that pasteurization of milk does not make it totally free from bacteria as both raw and pasteurized milk contained bacteria. Raw milk contained S. aureus, which causes food born illnesses. This project was carried out to investigate whether different brands of raw and pasteurized milk contained Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that are harmful to humans.

Do Different Dilutions of Disinfectants Affect the Development of Bacterial Resistance

Abstract The objective: The purpose of my experiment is to determine if bacterial resistance (after repeated exposure to a disinfectant) depends on the concentration of the disinfectant. The independent variable is the different concentrations of the disinfectant (percentage). The dependent variable is bacterial inhibition (percentage). The hypothesis is that if the bacteria are exposed to less concentrations of the disinfectant, then more resistance develops. Methods/Materials Bacteria used were Staphylococcus Aureus E. Coli, and Gram positive Bacillus. Disinfectants used were Ammonium Chloride, Sodium Hypochlorite, Hydrogen Chloride, and Pine Oil. For each, 10,20,30, and 50% concentrations were prepared. Each bacterium was exposed to each disinfectant concentration. Resistant bacteria were re-exposed to the same solution 5 times. Zones of inhibition were measured each day. At the end, resistant bacteria were isolated, cultured and diluted. The degree of inhibition for each bacterium and each disinfectant concentration was calculated using viable cell count method. Resistance is measured by sequential change in the zones of inhibition and percent inhibition of the bacteria exposed to the specific disinfectant. Results Zones of inhibition showed resistance development for E.Coli and Staph. Aureus exposed to all concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite, Hydrogen Chloride, and Pine Oil. Viable cell count method showed resistance developed for E. Coli exposed to Hydrogen Chloride and Pine Oil. My hypothesis was not supported, as resistance, when developed, did not depend on disinfectant concentration. Conclusions/Discussion Bacterial resistance can develop to disinfectants; however, it does not depend on disinfectant concentration. Different bacteria were repeatedly exposed to four different concentrations of several disinfectants, and bacterial resistance was measured by sequential changes in zones of inhibition and viable cell count method.

Which Ground Beef Has the Least Bacteria

Abstract The objective: The objective was to determine whether freshly-ground or pre-packaged beef has the least bacteria. My hypothesis was that freshly-ground beef has less bacteria than pre-packaged ground beef. Methods/Materials Samples of freshly-ground beef and pre-packaged beef were purchased from three different stores. One-tenth of a gram of each sample was placed in Thio broth, from which serial dilutions were made. Samples from each dilution were inoculated onto two sets of blood and McConkey agars and incubated for 24 hours. Colonies were then counted. Results Colonies were counted for each set of cultures at each dilution and the absolute number of bacteria were calculated. Freshly-ground beef had less bacteria than pre-packaged beef. Surprisingly there was one brand of pre-packaged beef that had minimal growth on all plates tested. It was later discovered that this brand was irradiated prior to shipping. Conclusions/Discussion Freshly-ground beef had less bacteria than pre-packaged beef, unless the pre-packaged beef had been irradiated. Based upon my results, the FDA should require that all ground beef be irradiated, in order to minimize the number of cases of bacteria-related foodborne illness. Freshly-ground beef has less bacteria than pre-packaged beef, unless the pre-packaged beef has been irradiated.

Doggy Vision

Abstract The objective: The point of my research and the overall concept of this project is how dogs see the world, a common question in my mind prior to this project. My specific question for experimentation was: If a dog was concentrating on an object in front of it, which color moving object in its peripheral vision would distract it the fastest? Through experiments with my dog, I hoped to find the answer and make sure it matches the facts of my research. Methods/Materials Dog; Green paper; Yellow paper; Black paper; Blue paper; Stopwatch; Bones. 1)Tell dog to sit still. 2)Have a partner hold a bone in front of it; it should watch intently. 3)In the dog#s peripheral vision, wave a color paper. 4)Time how long it takes for the dog to show any sign of looking your way. 5)Record the time in seconds and repeat twice. 6)Repeat steps 1-5 for each remaining color paper. Results Color Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Black 6 10 18 11 Yellow 3 7 11 7 Blue 5 8 10 8 Green 18 20 45 28 *The numbers represent the time (seconds) for the dog to be distracted. Conclusions/Discussion After doing my research, conducting my experiment, and analyzing the results, I found that I still had questions that weren#t answered. I understand that there are definite restrictions to my experimentation, and some questions that I may never get answered. Some questions could have been answered by tweaking my experiment to have multiple variables. I could have tested multiple breeds, tested a wider range of colors, tried moving and non-moving objects, etc. Others may just involve more research, such as Do dogs have the ability to read? or Why is a dogs eyesight different from a humans? or What is the farthest distance that a dog can see? All these can be answered with further testing and investigation, which is how science builds upon itself. This project involves researching and testing dogs' vision, and, most importantly, which colors they can see better than others.

How Fibonacci Is Your Face

Abstract The objective: The greater the numbers are in the Fibonacci sequence, the closer their ratios are to the perfect proportion. Based on that fact, the purpose of the project was to find out if such was true with the divine proportions on the face. This investigation was also completed to see if people known as #beautiful# had better proportions than average people. If this was the case, then the divine proportion could be incorporated into plastic and reconstructive surgery in order to improve it. Methods/Materials Twenty males and twenty females of each age group were gathered for testing. The age groups were: 5-7 years, 16-18 years, and 40-60 years. Ten pictures of actors and ten pictures of actresses were also tested. Pictures were taken of all the subjects from one meter away, and the following measurements were taken from each picture: the distance from the nose tip to the chin, the distance from the lips to the chin, the length of the lips, and the width of the nose. In order to get the ratios, the distance from the nose tip to the chin was divided by the distance from the lips to the chin, and the length of the lips was divided by the width of the nose. Results The Actors had the best proportions out of all. The teenagers had the second closest-to-perfect ratio for the nose tip-chin/lips to chin and the children had the second closest-to-perfect ratio for the lips/ chin proportion. Conclusions/Discussion It can be concluded that the infants that received Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Arachidonic acid (ARA) are able to complete more tasks involving motor, visual, and mental skills than those infants who do not receive these vital acids. DHA and ARA make a substantial difference in the visual and mental development of the infant. In addition, these nutrients help the infant to be able to get a head start on life by stimulating their brain and eye neurons. This project show the Fibonacci ratio could improve reconstructive surgery.

Whose Mouth Is Cleaner

Abstract The objective: It is said that a dog's mouth is cleaner than a human mouth, so I wanted to see if the theory was true. Even though humans brush their teeth, there are still a lot of food particles and bacteria in our mouths. Dog's mouths are supposed to be self-cleaning. I want to test different dog and different human mouths to see who really has the cleaner mouth. My hypothesis states: Cultures taken from a dog's mouth will grow fewer bacteria than cultures taken from a human's mouth. Methods/Materials In order to conduct this experiment, I used a q-tip to swab the cheek lining of three dogs and three humans. I used culture plates to grow the bacteria. Then I rated the amount of growth present and recorded it on a table. I used a bar graph to show the results. I repeated the experiment three times. During the experiment, I had to develop a way to incubate the cultures without having access to a real incubator. I also had to develop a method to count the number of bacterial colonies without using a microscope. Results For all three experiments, the human bacteria and the canine bacteria were different from each other. The human bacteria looked like grayish, small spots. The canine bacteria were more yellow or white, and looked more like streaks than spots. The human bacteria grew faster than the canine bacteria, but by day 3 the total bacterial counts were equal. Conclusions/Discussion My hypothesis, that cultures taken from a dog's mouth will grow fewer bacteria than cultures taken from a human mouth, was incorrect. The data showed that by day 3 there was an equal amount of bacterial growth for each speciment. However, the bacterium was different for each species, and the canine bacteria grew more slowly at first. Even though my hypothesis was incorrect, there is some truth to the belief that a dog bite is less likely to be harmful than a human bite. This is because humans have a higher chance of being harmed by their own species specific bacteria. This project is to determine whose mouth is cleaner; a dog's or a human's.